March 4, 2025
AI and Miracles: On Protestant & Catholic Turtles
Jessica Riskin's essay, "Turtles All the Way Up," examines free will versus determinism in and through a critical review of Robert Sapolsky's book, *Determined: A Science of Life Without Free Will* (2023). She links determinism to Christian theology. The 2024 film *Conclave* parallels this discourse through characters and symbolism, particularly using turtles to represent agency, transformation, and the potential for surprise within material reality.



